在全球積極推動(dòng)可再生能源發(fā)展的大背景下，沼氣作為一種優(yōu)質(zhì)的生物質(zhì)能源，憑借其來源廣泛、成本相對(duì)較低、燃燒清潔等優(yōu)勢(shì)，正逐漸成為能源領(lǐng)域的一顆新星。然而，原始沼氣中通常含有一定量的硫化氫（H?S）氣體，這不僅會(huì)對(duì)沼氣利用設(shè)備造成嚴(yán)重腐蝕，縮短設(shè)備使用壽命，增加運(yùn)營成本，還會(huì)在燃燒過程中產(chǎn)生二氧化硫等有害氣體，污染大氣環(huán)境，危害人體健康。因此，沼氣脫硫成為了沼氣高效、安全、清潔利用的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。?

Against the backdrop of actively promoting the development of renewable energy globally, biogas, as a high-quality biomass energy source, is gradually becoming a new star in the energy field due to its advantages of wide sources, relatively low cost, and clean combustion. However, raw biogas usually contains a certain amount of hydrogen sulfide (H ? S) gas, which not only causes serious corrosion to biogas utilization equipment, shortens equipment service life, and increases operating costs, but also produces harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide during combustion, polluting the atmospheric environment and endangering human health. Therefore, biogas desulfurization has become a key link in the efficient, safe, and clean utilization of biogas. ?

沼氣中硫化氫的來源與危害?

The sources and hazards of hydrogen sulfide in biogas

沼氣主要由有機(jī)物質(zhì)在厭氧環(huán)境下，通過微生物發(fā)酵作用產(chǎn)生。在發(fā)酵過程中，含硫有機(jī)物（如蛋白質(zhì)、氨基酸等）會(huì)被微生物分解，其中的硫元素最終轉(zhuǎn)化為硫化氫釋放到沼氣中。硫化氫是一種具有強(qiáng)烈臭雞蛋氣味的無色氣體，毒性較大。當(dāng)空氣中硫化氫濃度達(dá)到一定程度時(shí)，會(huì)對(duì)人體的呼吸系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等造成損害，甚至危及生命。?

Biogas is mainly produced through microbial fermentation of organic matter in anaerobic environments. During the fermentation process, sulfur-containing organic compounds (such as proteins, amino acids, etc.) are decomposed by microorganisms, and the sulfur element is ultimately converted into hydrogen sulfide and released into biogas. Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas with a strong odor of rotten eggs and high toxicity. When the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air reaches a certain level, it can cause damage to the human respiratory system, nervous system, and even endanger life. ?

從能源利用角度看，硫化氫對(duì)沼氣利用設(shè)備的腐蝕作用不容小覷。在沼氣燃燒設(shè)備中，硫化氫燃燒生成的二氧化硫遇水會(huì)形成亞硫酸，進(jìn)一步氧化為硫酸，這些酸性物質(zhì)會(huì)對(duì)燃燒器、管道、熱交換器等設(shè)備的金屬部件產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈腐蝕，導(dǎo)致設(shè)備泄漏、損壞，降低設(shè)備的運(yùn)行效率和可靠性。此外，硫化氫還會(huì)使沼氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的火花塞積碳、腐蝕，影響發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的正常運(yùn)行，增加維護(hù)工作量和維修成本。?

From the perspective of energy utilization, the corrosive effect of hydrogen sulfide on biogas utilization equipment should not be underestimated. In biogas combustion equipment, the sulfur dioxide generated by the combustion of hydrogen sulfide will form sulfurous acid when it comes into contact with water, and further oxidize into sulfuric acid. These acidic substances will cause strong corrosion to the metal components of equipment such as burners, pipelines, and heat exchangers, leading to equipment leakage and damage, and reducing the operating efficiency and reliability of the equipment. In addition, hydrogen sulfide can cause carbon deposition and corrosion in the spark plugs of biogas engines, affecting the normal operation of the engine and increasing maintenance workload and repair costs. ?

干法脫硫?

Dry desulfurization

氧化鐵法：這是一種較為常見的干法脫硫技術(shù)。其原理基于氧化鐵（Fe?O?）與硫化氫發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)，將硫化氫轉(zhuǎn)化為單質(zhì)硫和水。在脫硫過程中，含有硫化氫的沼氣通過裝有氧化鐵脫硫劑的脫硫塔。脫硫劑中的氧化鐵與硫化氫反應(yīng)，生成硫化亞鐵（FeS）和水。隨著反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行，當(dāng)脫硫劑中的氧化鐵大部分轉(zhuǎn)化為硫化亞鐵后，脫硫劑的脫硫能力逐漸下降。此時(shí)，可以通過向脫硫塔內(nèi)通入空氣，使硫化亞鐵在氧氣作用下被氧化為氧化鐵，同時(shí)生成單質(zhì)硫，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)脫硫劑的再生。該方法具有設(shè)備簡單、操作方便、脫硫效率較高（一般可達(dá) 90% 以上）等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，適用于小規(guī)模沼氣工程和硫化氫含量較低的沼氣脫硫。但它也存在脫硫劑更換頻繁、產(chǎn)生的廢脫硫劑需妥善處理等缺點(diǎn)。?

Iron oxide method: This is a common dry desulfurization technology. The principle is based on the chemical reaction between iron oxide (Fe ? O3) and hydrogen sulfide, which converts hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur and water. During the desulfurization process, biogas containing hydrogen sulfide passes through a desulfurization tower equipped with iron oxide desulfurizer. The iron oxide in the desulfurizer reacts with hydrogen sulfide to produce ferrous sulfide (FeS) and water. As the reaction progresses, the desulfurization ability of the desulfurizer gradually decreases as most of the iron oxide in the desulfurizer is converted to ferrous sulfide. At this point, air can be introduced into the desulfurization tower to oxidize ferrous sulfide into iron oxide under the action of oxygen, while generating elemental sulfur, thereby achieving the regeneration of the desulfurizer. This method has the advantages of simple equipment, easy operation, and high desulfurization efficiency (generally up to 90% or more), and is suitable for small-scale biogas projects and biogas desulfurization with low hydrogen sulfide content. But it also has drawbacks such as frequent replacement of desulfurizers and the need for proper disposal of waste desulfurizers generated. ?

活性炭法：活性炭具有巨大的比表面積和豐富的微孔結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)硫化氫等氣體具有很強(qiáng)的吸附能力。在活性炭脫硫過程中，沼氣中的硫化氫被吸附在活性炭表面。同時(shí)，活性炭表面的某些活性位點(diǎn)還能催化硫化氫與氧氣發(fā)生反應(yīng)，將硫化氫氧化為單質(zhì)硫，沉積在活性炭孔隙中。當(dāng)活性炭吸附飽和后，可以采用加熱再生或化學(xué)洗脫等方法，將吸附在活性炭上的硫脫除，使活性炭恢復(fù)吸附性能。活性炭法脫硫具有脫硫精度高（可將硫化氫含量降低至 1ppm 以下）、對(duì)沼氣中其他成分影響小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，常用于對(duì)沼氣純度要求較高的場(chǎng)合，如沼氣提純制備生物天然氣。然而，活性炭價(jià)格相對(duì)較高，再生過程較為復(fù)雜，運(yùn)行成本較高。

Activated carbon method: Activated carbon has a huge specific surface area and rich microporous structure, and has strong adsorption capacity for gases such as hydrogen sulfide. During the desulfurization process of activated carbon, hydrogen sulfide in biogas is adsorbed on the surface of activated carbon. At the same time, certain active sites on the surface of activated carbon can catalyze the reaction between hydrogen sulfide and oxygen, oxidizing hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur and depositing it in the pores of activated carbon. After the activated carbon is saturated with adsorption, methods such as heating regeneration or chemical elution can be used to remove the sulfur adsorbed on the activated carbon and restore its adsorption performance. Activated carbon desulfurization has the advantages of high desulfurization accuracy (reducing hydrogen sulfide content to below 1ppm) and minimal impact on other components in biogas. It is commonly used in applications that require high purity of biogas, such as the purification of biogas to produce bio natural gas. However, the price of activated carbon is relatively high, the regeneration process is complex, and the operating cost is high.

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