沼氣作為一種清潔的可再生能源，在生產(chǎn)與使用過(guò)程中，其中含有的硫化氫是主要污染物，不僅會(huì)腐蝕設(shè)備，燃燒后還會(huì)生成二氧化硫污染環(huán)境。沼氣脫硫塔作為去除硫化氫的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備，其工作原理基于化學(xué)吸收或物理吸附作用，通過(guò)一系列工藝過(guò)程將硫化氫從沼氣中分離，保障沼氣的安全利用與環(huán)保排放。

　　Biogas, as a clean and renewable energy source, contains hydrogen sulfide as the main pollutant during production and use. It not only corrodes equipment but also generates sulfur dioxide after combustion, polluting the environment. As a key equipment for removing hydrogen sulfide, the biogas desulfurization tower works based on chemical absorption or physical adsorption. Through a series of process steps, hydrogen sulfide is separated from biogas, ensuring the safe utilization and environmentally friendly discharge of biogas.

　　沼氣脫硫塔的核心功能是利用脫硫劑與硫化氫的化學(xué)反應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)凈化。常見(jiàn)的脫硫工藝可分為干法脫硫與濕法脫硫，兩種方式的工作原理各有側(cè)重，但均以硫化氫的轉(zhuǎn)化與分離為核心。干法脫硫中，脫硫塔內(nèi)填充固體脫硫劑（如氧化鐵、活性炭），當(dāng)含硫化氫的沼氣通過(guò)脫硫劑層時(shí)，硫化氫與脫硫劑發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)，生成穩(wěn)定的硫化物。以氧化鐵脫硫?yàn)槔?，氧化鐵與硫化氫在常溫下反應(yīng)，生成硫化亞鐵和水，反應(yīng)式為 Fe?O? + 3H?S = 2FeS + 3H?O，通過(guò)這一反應(yīng)，硫化氫被固定在脫硫劑中，凈化后的沼氣從塔頂排出，硫化氫濃度可降至 50ppm 以下。

　　The core function of a biogas desulfurization tower is to achieve purification through the chemical reaction between desulfurizer and hydrogen sulfide. The common desulfurization processes can be divided into dry desulfurization and wet desulfurization, each with its own emphasis on the working principle, but both focus on the conversion and separation of hydrogen sulfide. In dry desulfurization, solid desulfurizers (such as iron oxide and activated carbon) are filled in the desulfurization tower. When the biogas containing hydrogen sulfide passes through the desulfurizer layer, the hydrogen sulfide reacts chemically with the desulfurizer to generate stable sulfides. Taking iron oxide desulfurization as an example, iron oxide reacts with hydrogen sulfide at room temperature to produce ferrous sulfide and water. The reaction equation is Fe?O? + 3H?S = 2FeS + 3H?O， Through this reaction, hydrogen sulfide is fixed in the desulfurizer, and the purified biogas is discharged from the top of the tower, reducing the concentration of hydrogen sulfide to below 50ppm.

　　濕法脫硫則通過(guò)液體吸收劑與硫化氫的反應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)凈化，更適用于處理硫化氫濃度較高的沼氣。塔內(nèi)的吸收劑（如氨水、碳酸鈉溶液）通過(guò)噴淋裝置均勻分布，與上升的沼氣充分接觸，硫化氫溶于吸收液并發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)。例如，碳酸鈉溶液吸收硫化氫時(shí)，會(huì)生成碳酸氫鈉和硫氫化鈉，反應(yīng)式為 Na?CO? + H?S = NaHCO? + NaHS，吸收了硫化氫的富液進(jìn)入再生系統(tǒng)，通過(guò)曝氣或加熱使硫化氫解析出來(lái)，再生后的吸收劑可循環(huán)使用。濕法脫硫的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于可連續(xù)運(yùn)行，適合大規(guī)模沼氣工程，如垃圾填埋場(chǎng)、大型養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)的沼氣處理，能將硫化氫濃度從數(shù)千 ppm 降至 100ppm 以?xún)?nèi)。

　　Wet desulfurization achieves purification through the reaction between liquid absorbent and hydrogen sulfide, and is more suitable for treating biogas with high hydrogen sulfide concentration. The absorbent (such as ammonia water and sodium carbonate solution) inside the tower is evenly distributed through a spray device and fully contacts with the rising biogas. Hydrogen sulfide dissolves in the absorbent solution and undergoes a chemical reaction. For example, when sodium carbonate solution absorbs hydrogen sulfide, it produces sodium bicarbonate and sodium hydrosulfide, with the reaction formula Na?CO? + H?S = NaHCO? + NaHS， The rich solution that has absorbed hydrogen sulfide enters the regeneration system, and the hydrogen sulfide is decomposed through aeration or heating. The regenerated absorbent can be recycled. The advantage of wet desulfurization is that it can operate continuously and is suitable for large-scale biogas projects, such as landfill sites and large-scale livestock farms. It can reduce the concentration of hydrogen sulfide from thousands of ppm to less than 100ppm.

　　脫硫塔的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)為反應(yīng)提供了高效的接觸條件。塔體通常采用圓柱形結(jié)構(gòu)，內(nèi)部設(shè)有填料層、噴淋裝置（濕法）或脫硫劑床層（干法）、氣液分離裝置等。填料層由鮑爾環(huán)、拉西環(huán)等填料組成，其作用是增加沼氣與脫硫劑的接觸面積，延長(zhǎng)接觸時(shí)間，提升反應(yīng)效率。在干法脫硫塔中，脫硫劑以顆粒狀均勻填充在床層中，沼氣從塔底進(jìn)入，通過(guò)布?xì)庋b置均勻分布后向上滲透，與脫硫劑充分接觸；濕法脫硫塔則通過(guò)塔頂?shù)膰娏芟到y(tǒng)將吸收劑霧化，形成液膜覆蓋在填料表面，沼氣在上升過(guò)程中與液膜接觸，硫化氫被快速吸收。

　　The structural design of the desulfurization tower provides efficient contact conditions for the reaction. The tower body usually adopts a cylindrical structure, with a packing layer, a spray device (wet method) or a desulfurizer bed layer (dry method), a gas-liquid separation device, etc. inside. The packing layer is composed of fillers such as Bao'er ring and LaXi ring, which increase the contact area between biogas and desulfurizer, prolong the contact time, and improve the reaction efficiency. In the dry desulfurization tower, the desulfurizer is uniformly filled in particles in the bed layer. Biogas enters from the bottom of the tower and is evenly distributed through the gas distribution device before penetrating upwards and fully contacting the desulfurizer; The wet desulfurization tower atomizes the absorbent through the spray system at the top of the tower, forming a liquid film covering the surface of the packing. The biogas comes into contact with the liquid film during the rising process, and hydrogen sulfide is quickly absorbed.

　　脫硫過(guò)程中的參數(shù)控制直接影響凈化效果。溫度是關(guān)鍵因素之一，干法脫硫的適宜溫度為 20-40℃，溫度過(guò)低會(huì)降低反應(yīng)速率，過(guò)高則可能導(dǎo)致脫硫劑失活；濕法脫硫中，吸收劑的溫度需控制在 30-50℃，以平衡硫化氫的溶解度與反應(yīng)活性。沼氣的流速也需合理控制，流速過(guò)快會(huì)縮短接觸時(shí)間，導(dǎo)致脫硫不徹底；流速過(guò)慢則會(huì)降低處理效率，增加能耗。此外，脫硫劑的用量與更換周期需根據(jù)沼氣中硫化氫的濃度確定，例如干法脫硫中，當(dāng)脫硫劑吸附飽和（顏色從棕紅色變?yōu)楹谏r(shí)，需及時(shí)更換，避免硫化氫穿透污染后續(xù)設(shè)備。

　　The parameter control in the desulfurization process directly affects the purification effect. Temperature is one of the key factors, and the suitable temperature for dry desulfurization is 20-40 ℃. If the temperature is too low, it will reduce the reaction rate, while if it is too high, it may cause the desulfurizer to become inactive; In wet desulfurization, the temperature of the absorbent needs to be controlled at 30-50 ℃ to balance the solubility and reactivity of hydrogen sulfide. The flow rate of biogas also needs to be reasonably controlled. If the flow rate is too fast, it will shorten the contact time and lead to incomplete desulfurization; If the flow rate is too slow, it will reduce processing efficiency and increase energy consumption. In addition, the dosage and replacement cycle of desulfurizer should be determined according to the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in biogas. For example, in dry desulfurization, when the desulfurizer is saturated with adsorption (color changes from brownish red to black), it needs to be replaced in a timely manner to avoid hydrogen sulfide penetration and pollution of subsequent equipment.

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